英文论文标准格式范文(通用九篇)

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本文导读目录：

1、英语议论文格式

2、英文论文标准格式范文(通用九篇)

3、英语论文格式范例6篇

　　英语议论文格式（精选21篇）

议论文，又叫说理文，是一种剖析事物论述事理、发表意见、提出主张的文体。作者通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非等方法，来确定其观点正确或错误，树立或否定某种主张。议论文应该观点明确、论据充分、语言精炼、论证合理、有严密的逻辑性。下面是英语议论文格式，请参考！

一、英语议论文写作要点

议论文通过议论或说理来表达作者见解和主张.作者对某一问题持有一种看法,为了使读

者同意自己的看法,提出若干理由,企图说服他人.高中英语议论文的写作要注意以下要点:

1. 论点要鲜明、确切。一篇议论文只能有一个中心论点。论点一般在开头提出，然后加以论证。

2. 论据要充分、可靠。一般是以事实为论据，也可以利用成语，格言，名人名言作为论据。

3. 论证要严密、得法。归纳法（induction）和演绎法（deduction）是议论文常用的论证方法。归纳法的例子为基础，从几个例子和现象中，归纳出某种道理和看法。例如：报纸是一种媒体（medium ），人们可以从中得到现代信息；电视是一种媒体，人们也可以从中获得信息；广播也是媒体，人们同样可以从中获得现代信息。因此我们可以得出结论，其他媒体，如网络等，一定会给人们信息。演绎法以一个或多个看法为基础，从一般论断，演绎到不同事例，再加以论述，最后再回到一般论断上来。例如：所有的媒体都可以给人们提供信息，网络是媒体，因此人们可以从网络中获得信息。在归纳中要注意使用的例子要充分，不能以点概面。

二、 议论文的写作步骤:

1. 引言(introduction)。由于英语作文受时间，字数的限制。因此，在引言段中作者就必须简单解释要讨论的问题，并明白地亮出自己的观点，如提倡什么，支援什么，反对什么。

2. 主体段（main body）。主体段是议论的过程，作者必须有足够的证据。（adequate proofs）来论证自己的观点。一般可提出一个或两个proofs, 并对此用一两句话分别进行阐述。

3. 结论（conclusion）。结论段可以用一两句话来结束文章。同时要注意与引言段呼应，但不能照搬前面的原话。

三、议论文的写作模式

1. 议论文的类型

英语议论文根据命题特点，从形式上来看可分为如下类型:

① “一分为二”的观点。如“轿车大量进入家庭后，对家庭、环境、经济可能产生的影响”

② “两者选一”的.观点。如，期中考试作文题，“乘火车还是乘飞机”

③“我认为……”型。如“你对课外阅读的看法”

④“怎样……（how to）”型。如“怎样克服学习中碰到的困难”。

⑤ 图表作文。通过阅读图表中的数字与项目得出一个结论或形成一种看法。

按照高二上学期的写作要求，学生主要应掌握①②两种类型的议论文的写作。在第①种类型中命题涉及某一事物或现象的正反两个方面：通过正反两个方面的对比，得出结论是利大于弊，还是弊大于利。论证要围绕所要得出的结论来展开，若利大于弊，则有利的一面要多阐述一点。反之亦然。

在第②种类型中，命题要求在a或b两者之间作一比较或选择，两个对象往往各有优势，所以结论部分有两种情况：

a. 要么支持a，要么支持b;

b. a、b优势均难的割舍，只好依情况而定在结论部分说清楚在什么条件选a, 在什么条件选b。

下面重点介绍第①、②种类型议论文的写作模式.

2. “一分为二”观点的议论文模式

Nowadays more and more people like to watch tv. so tv plays a very important part in our life. but watching tv has both advantages and disadvantages. generally, the advantages can be listed as follows.

Firstly, you can expand your knowledge by watching tv. as we all know, learning things by tv is much faster than by listening to the radio or just by reading books. for it has colorful pictures as well as wonderful music.

Secondly, you may know anybody you want to know such as famous singers, super stars, scientists and so on.

What’s more, you can go everywhere by traveling programs. let’s suppose, if you like traveling very much, but you have to work on weekends or holidays, you must be very sad. and now open your tv and it’ll take you to anywhere.

Every coin has two sides. the disadvantages are also obvious. for example, watching too much tv can easily become short-sighted, especially for children and students. to make matters worse, some young students are keen on watching tv so that they give up their studies gradually.

Through above analysis, i think watching tv is a way of studying, it is good for us to watch tv. but when we watch tv, we should make a plan otherwise watching tv will destroy our life.

Why should we learn English?

As we all know, English is becoming more and more popular in the world. Today, more people speak English as their first,second or foreign language than ever before. Therefore, it is necessary for us to learn and master English well. Here are the?? reasons:

First of all, learning English is a good way to communicate with others, especially those native English speakers.if you are good at English, you will have more chances than any other people to talk with foreigners. Secondly, by learning English, we can learn more words and expressions so that we can read some interesting books, newspapers and magazines. We can also understand the instructions on some products. What’s more, as a senior high school student, our dream is to get into a good college. However, English is an important subject at present. In order to achieve our aims, we have no choice except learning it well.

All in all, no matter where we are and what we do, learning another language such as English plays an important part in our daily lives.

If I could change one thing about my hometown,I think it would be the fact that there's no sense ofcommunity here. People don't feel connected, theydon't look out for each other, and they don't get toknow their neighbors.

People come and go a lot here. They change jobs frequently and move on. This means thatthey don't put down roots in the community. They don't join community organizations andthey're not willing to get involved in trying to improve the quality of life. If someone has apetition to put in a new street light, she has a very hard time getting a lot of people to sign.They don't feel it has anything to do with them. They don't get involved in improving theschools because they don't think the quality of education is important to their lives. They don'tsee the connection between themselves and the rest of their community.

People don't try to support others around them. They don't keep a friendly eyes on theirchildren, or check in on older folks if they don't see them for a few days. They're not awarewhen people around them may be going through a hard time. For example, they may not knowif a neighbor loses a loved one. There's not a lot of community support for individuals.

Neighbors don't get to know each other. Again, this is because people come and go within afew years. So when neighbors go on vacation, no one is keeping an eye on their house. No oneis making sure nothing suspicious is going on there, like lights in the middle of the night. Whenneighbors' children are cutting across someone's lawn on their bikes, there's no friendly way ofcasually mentioning the problem. People immediately act as if it's a major propertydisagreement.

My hometown is a nice place to live in many ways, but it would be much nice if we had thatsense of community.

Some people think that the best way to advise people is simply to find what they want and help them attain it? In my view, this method is generally not the best way to proceed in advising others; it ignores the plain truth that many people do not know what they want and do not know what is best for them.

My main reason for rejecting this technique is that people very rarely have any clear idea of what they want. This applies not only to consumer items such as clothing, cars and luxury items but also to what they want out of life in general. In fact, numerous studies have shown that most people cannot list the ten things they want most out of life, even if given considerable time to think about it.

My second reason for rejecting this method is that more often than not what people want is not what is best for them. Parents continually face this problem when advising their children. For example, suppose a child wants to quit school and get a job. Surely, the parents would be derelict in helping their child attain this want instead of convincing the child that continuing education would be in his or her best interest.

Admittedly, following the proposed advising method would result in a high rate of compliance, since the person being advised would act consistently with his or her own will by following the advice. However, as noted above, acting according to what one wants is not necessarily desirable. Proponents of this method might also point to college counselors as models of this technique. However, college counselors should not necessarily be held up as models for advising people generally, let alone as models for advising students.

I grew up in a small town and then moved to abig city, so I have experienced the good and badsides of both. I never thought that I would like livingin a big city, but I was wrong. After ten years ofliving in one, I can’t imagine ever living in a smalltown again.

Small towns and big cities both have some problems in terms of transportation. In a smalltown, you have to own a car to ensure a comfortable living .you can’t get around without onebecause there isn’t any kind of public transportation. Big cities generally have heavy traffic andexpensive parking, but there you have a choice of taking public transportation. It’s not free,but it’s often cheaper than driving when you consider gas and time, especially if you don’t havea car, you’re better off in the city.

I love the excitement of big cities. Small towns have a slow pace. Large cities mean you haveto adapt to a variety of situations, like finding a new route to work or trvine a new restaurant.I enjoy that challenge very much. Another part of the excitement of city living is the variety ofcultural activities available. There is a wild assortment of theatre music and danceperformances available in big cities. These things are rare in small ones.

The final thing I think about large cities is the diversity of the people. the United States ismade up of people of different races, religions, abilities, and interests. However, you seldom findsuch a variety of people in a small town. I think that living in an area where everyone was justlike me would quickly become boring.

Of course, security is a concern, and that one area where small towns are superior to bigcities. Still, I would rather be a bit more cautions and live a large city than to feel secure butbored.

SpringThere are four seasons in a year. They are spring, summer, autumn and winter. And every season has three months. I think every season is beautiful and I think spring is the best season of the year! So I like spring very much. What about you?

When the weather become warm and sunny, everything comes to life again, they seem to tell us— spring has come . In much of China. Spring is usually very short. But the days get longer. It’s usually from March to May. Sometime it’s colder but it gets warmer. At spring times, In the fields everything begins to grow. Trees turn green, and flowers start to come out.

Spring can make people happy! If you do some sports at that time, you will join them. Like flying the kite, going fishing, going hiking and so on. It’s can make people happy and also can keep people healthy. I think it’s very interesting!Summer, full of vigor, is beautiful, but I think spring is more beautiful because it is a naivetest season.

New factories often bring many good things to acommunity, such as jobs and increased prosperity.However, in my opinion, the benefits of having a factory are outweighed by the risks. That iswhy I oppose the plan to build a factory near my community.

I believe that this city would be harmed by a large factory. In particular, a factory woulddestroy the quality of the air and water in town. Factories bring smog and pollution. In thelong run, the environment will be hurt and people’s health will be affected. Having a factory isnot worth that rise.

Of course, more jobs will be created by the factory. Our population will grow. Toaccommodate more workers, more homes and stores will be needed. Do we really want thismuch growth, so fast? If our town is going in growth, I would prefer slow growth with goodplanning. I don’t want to see rows of cheaply constructed townhouses. Our quality of lifemust be considered.

I believe that this growth will change our city too much. I love my hometown because it is asafe, small town. It is also easy to travel here. If we must expand to hold new citizens, thesmall-town feel will be gone. I mould miss that greatly.

A factory would be helpful in some ways. However, I feel that the dangers are greater thanthe benefits. I cannot support a plan to build a factory here, and hope that others feel the sameway.

I think the essence of wisdom is emancipation, as far as possible, from the tyranny of the here and the now.We cannot help the egoism of our senses.Sight and sound and touch are bound up with our own bodies and cannot be made impersonal.Our emotions start similarly from ourselves.An infant feels hunger or distress, and is unaffected except by his own physical condition.Gradually with the years, his horizon widens, and, in proportion as his thoughts and feelings become less personal and less concerned with his own physical states, he achieves growing wisdom.This is of course a matter of degree.No one can view the world with complete justice, and if anyone could, he would hardly be able to remain alive.But it is possible to make a continual approach towards justice, on the one hand, by knowing things somewhat remote in time or space, and, on the other hand,by giving to such things their due weight in our feelings.It is this approach towards justice that constitutes growth in wisdom.

Can wisdom be taught?And, if it can, should the teaching of it be one of the aims of education?I should answer both these questions in the affirmative.I do not think that knowledge and morals ought to be too much separated.Even the best technicians should also be good citizens: and when I say "citizens," I mean citizens of the world and not of this or that sect or nation.With every increase of knowledge and skill,wisdom becomes more necessary, for every such increase strengthens our capacity of realizing our purposes, and therefore strengthens our capacity for evil, if our purposes are unwise.The world needs wisdom as it has never needed it before: and if knowledge continues to increase, the world will need wisdom in the future even more than it does now.

Although classes often seem outwardly the same because there is always a teacher and some students in a classroom, the differences between teacher-centered classes and student centered however, are enormous.

In teacher centered classes, the teacher usually dominates the class.He lectures, puts outlines and languagepointsonthe blackboard, gives solutions to problems, and fills the students＇ heads with information. The students oniy sit, listen and take notes silently at their desks. In student centered classes, on the contrary, the teacher tries to stimulate the students to learn on their own by asking provocative questions, by posing problems, and most important of ail, by being a participant too. Students in these classes are more actively involved in the thinking learning process. They ask questions and read up to search for the answers themselves and then discuss in classes what they have found.

I prefer student centered classes because they are more natural and more interesting ways of obtaining knowledge. They not only make learning active and enjoyable, but also enable the students to learn how to find and solve problems themselves.

There is an old saying that two heads are better than one, which suggests that the majority’s collective wisdom always dwarfs that of the minority, let alone any individual. There are people who believe that for a society to cohere there must be a strong consensus as well as unity and discipline. Therefore we must not overemphasize the importance of critical thinking which is abound to result in confusion and quarrels.

But I don’t agree with this. First, I have no respect for majority’s wisdom. I believe that most people do not usually use their heads, they are also lack of creativity, and therefore are ignorant and prejudiced and often become mobs and stampede easily. Second, anyone who has the creativity will have an important impact on our society. But their wisdom is usually different from the majority’s.

In a word, everything has two sides. What’s more important is that to learn knowledge from different kinds of wisdom and to improve our ability.

As the development of the Internet, more and more people have computer, we use computer everyday, it has become part of our life. As for college students, almost all of them have computer, they need it so much, but when the students come in the dormitories, they play games all the time.

随着网络的发展，越来越多的人拥有电脑，我们每天都使用电脑，它已经成为我们生活中的一部分。对于大学生来讲，几乎每人都有电脑，他们很需要电脑，但是当学生回到宿舍的时候，总是在玩电脑游戏。

On the one hand, college student need to use computers to search the Internet, so they can find useful message for their study. As a student, we need to get all kinds of dates for our research paper, we need to get to know about the world and other people’s paper, so we can make some creation. Computer provides such a big stage, we should make full use of it.

一方面，大学生需要用电脑来上网，这样他们就能找到学习有用的信息。作为一名学生，我们需要各种各样的调查报告的数据，需要了解世界和他人的工作成果，因此我们可以进行创新。电脑提供了这样的`大平台，我们应该充分使用。

On the other hand, computer gives students all kinds of message, some students are addicted to computer games, they abandon their study, playing the computer games when they are finishing the class. The Internet just like a big whole world, which is full of temptation, students are so easily lose themselves.

另一方面，电脑给予了各种各样的信息，一些学生沉迷于电脑游戏，他们抛弃了学习，一上完课就玩电脑游戏。网络是一个大世界，充满了诱惑，学生很容易迷失自我。

The Internet is very important for college student, they can’t leave it, because students need computer to do with homework. But at the same time, they should control themselves, not to lose in the computer world.

网络对于大学生来说很重要，他们离不开电脑，因为学生需要电脑做作业。但是同时，他们应该控制自己，不要迷失在电脑的世界里。

There are a small number of people called “the moonlight clan” in our society, who always run out of their income each month and have no plan to save money. Concerning with this kind of consumption conception, some consider it as a fashion while other oppose it.

在我们的社会中有一小部分人叫“月光族”，他们每个月总是没有钱剩余也没有存钱的计划。关于这种消费观念，有人认为是时尚而其他则持反对态度。

Those who are in favor of this kind of consumption conception point out that being moonlight clan let them have more chances to enjoy lives and live in a high-quality life. However, the opponents argue that it is not a kind of rational conception because those called “the moonlight clan” may have no ability to cope with their rainy day. In addition, this kind of consumption habit put a premium on extravagance and waste to some extent.

那些支持这种消费观念的人指出成为月光族让他们有更多的机会享受生活，过高质量的生活。然而，反对者则认为那不是理性的概念，因为那些所谓的“月光族”在他们低迷的时候可能没有能力应付。此外，这种消费习惯在某种程度上形成了奢侈浪费。

Taking the two opinions into consideration, I am inclined to agree with the latter one. From my point of view, the life of the moonlight clan is more luxurious or high-quality but they may be lack of sense of security, especially in their rainy day. Therefore, I still advocate that all of us should keep some money at any time so that we will not be too difficult in our rainy day.

考虑到以上两个观点，我倾向于同意后者。从我的角度来看，月光族的生活更豪华或质量更高但是他们也许会缺乏安全感，尤其是低迷的时候。因此，我仍然认为我们所有人在任何时候都应该存一些钱，这样在困难的时候就不会过得太艰辛。

现代企业最想要的人才类型 What Kind of Talent did the Modern Enterprise Want the Most?

In the 21st century, the talent quality of hardworkingand dependable is no longer the only thing that the enterprise required. Infact, those two qualities are the basic constitution, now the requirement oftalent is more comprehensive. The perspective to define a talent is differentnow.

在21世纪，人才品质中的勤奋和踏实不再是企业唯一要求的品质了。事实上，这两个品质只是基本的个体素质。现在的人才要求更加全面。定义人才的视角也不一样了。

First,the enterprise prefers the one who could combine innovate and practice. Basically,the value comes from innovate, but only after combined with the innovation andpractice, can the value work the maximal effect. We can not be restricted tothe repetitive tasks. We should always keep creating new ideas.

第一，企业喜欢能把创新和实践结合起来的人。从基本上说，价值源于创新，但只有把创新与实践结合起来，价值才能发挥最大的成效。我们不能局限于重复的工作中，我们应当时时想着创造新的点子。

Second,the enterprise is more fancy the cross-domain talent. 21st century isthe century that combines different field and industry. The modern society andenterprise is no only require specializing to the professional field, but alsoto know about the relevant major and field, combine them and solved theproblems effective.

第二，企业更喜欢跨领域人才。21世纪是结合不同学科，不同产业的世纪。现代社会和现代企业不仅仅要在某个专业领域有造诣，还要知道相关的专业和领域，结合它们，有效地解决问题。

Finally,the IQ, EQ, SQ issue. When we define one man is successful or not, we do notlook into his academic record or intelligence quotient (IQ), but the balance developmentof intelligence quotient, emotional quotient and spiritual quotient.

最后，IQ，EQ，SQ的问题。当我们定义一个人成功与否，我们不仅仅看他学科成绩和智商，二世要看智商，情商，灵商的均衡发展。

Tosum up, if we want to survive in this competitive society, we need a comprehensivedevelopment to adapt to the requirement of the modern enterprise, or we willeliminated by the society.

总之，如果我们要在这竞争激烈的社会中生存，我们需要全面地发展去适应现代企业的要求，不然我们就会被社会淘汰。

如何选专业?How to Choose the Major?

When students finish their high school, most of them will to go study in college, the first thing they do is to choose the major. Choosing the major is a big problem for every college student, not only for Chinese students, but also for the students around the world. Students will face the factors such as their interest is more important or the future of the major worth being first concerned.

当学生读完高中，大部分人会去大学学习，他们要做的第一件事就是选择专业。选择专业是对每个大学生来讲都是件大事，并不仅仅对于中国的学生，对于全世界的学生来说都一样。学生仍然面临着他们的兴趣更重要还是专业的.将来更重要的问题。

On the one hand, most parents care about the future of the major. When students decide the major, parents will interfere with their own opinion, they want their children can have a bring future, so they care much about the needed talent of the society. Thus the children can find a promising job and earn more money.

一方面，大部分父母关注专业的未来。当学生选择专业时，父母会干涉，他们想要孩子有一个光明的未来，所以他们很关注社会需要什么样的人才。这样孩子可以找到一份有前途的工作，赚更多的钱。

On the other hand, students want to choose the major that they are interested. This is often contradicting with their parents’ opinion. Some students want to learn art, but most parents won’t be allowed it because it is hard for students to find a job. Everyone admits that interest is the first factor, with it, students will feel happy.

另一方面，学生想要选择他们感兴趣的专业。这经常和父母的意见相左。一些学生想要学艺术，但是大部分父母不会同意，因为这很难让学生找到工作。每个人都觉得兴趣是第一个要素，有了兴趣，学生才会感到快乐。

When choosing the major, students should considerate their parents’ opinion, most parents are open-minded, they will respect the kids’ willingness.

当选择专业的时候，学生应该考虑他们父母的意见，大部分父母是开明的，他们会尊重孩子的意愿。

What is life about? We push very hard everyday to make more money, to gain power and recognition.

We neglect our health, time with our family and to appreciate the surrounding beauty and the hobbies we love to do. One day when we look back, we will realize that we don‘t really need that much, but then we cannot turn back time for what we have missed.

Life is not about making money, acquiring power or recognition. Life is definitely not about work! Work is only necessary to keep us living so as to enjoy the beauty and pleasures of life.

Life is a balance of work and play, family and personal time. You have to decide how you want to balance your life.Define your priorities, realize what you are able to compromise but always let some of your decisions be based on your instincts.

Happiness is the meaning and the purpose of life,the whole aim of human existence. So, take it easy, do what you want to do and appreciate nature. Life is fragile. Life is short. Do not take life for granted. Live a balanced lifestyle and enjoy life!

With the rapid development of science and technology, communication methods of people have changed a lot. In the long history of the past, people communicated with people who were far from them only by letters, which took a very long time to get the message. In the late 19thcentury, telephone was invented, but it was not widely used. Letter is still the main method. Later, telegraph came into being and was popular, which was much faster than letter, bringing great convenience to people. As time goes by, telephones become increasingly widely used. Now, the phones has been developed as mobile phone, fixed telephone, Internet telephone and other categories, being an essential communication tools in modern information society.

In addition, network communication is popular as well. A great number of people communicate with others on the Internet, such as the chat room, bbs, MSN and so on. People can make video calls that not only can hear the sound, but also can see the people you talk to. In short, there are various communication methods in modern world, which bring great convenience to people.

Why we need to learn knowledge?

Study is our student's personality.But many students will ask, why we must learn knowledge. Is knowledge so important to us?If we don't need to pass the exam, should we still need the knowledge?

As I am concerned, study is not only a personality of students, but also a personality of all people throughout their lives.People need to learn the knowledge whoever they are.If people don't learn knowledge, there will have no way to do things and become ignorant about world.Can you imagine a world that no people have knowledge?Leaving knowledge,the world would no get progress.If people don't learn knowledge, there will be no people to know how to use the computer ,how to write the news, even how to communicate with others.

So learning knowledge is a very important thing, it consists of our world.

As we all know, students must wear uniform in school. It prevents students from wearing strange clothes or paring clothes. However, students still show special preference for famous brands. They can buy brand shoes or bags if they can't wear their own clothes in school.

Why students can't help wearing expensive things which are famous brands?

The reason why they prefer to wear expensive clothes is just for face. Some students thought the more expensive they wear, the more confident they are. Only wearing brand clothes can they bee proud. Some students are afraid to looked down if they don't wear brands things. It is easy for students to pare what they wear.

As far as I am concerned, I don't agree that students pursue famous brand. Most students can't earn money by themselves. We can't waste the money to buy expensive things which are not useful. It is hard for parents to make money. Remember, the main task of the students is to study.

I like blue, but I dress myself in green, red and yellow;I like tea, but I drink milk, coffee and orange juice as well.

I have friends, and I prefer friends of all types to friends of the same kind. In my opinion, one can benefit from various sorts of friends in three aspects.

First, when you are in trouble, you can get help in time from friends. For one thing, the substantial help. It would be a shock when the teacher assigned you to take charge of the web site of class when you knew nothing about Internet. Then God endowed you with a friend at hand, a computer expert who proficiently cured your headache with a few gentle clicks on the screen. You must be thankful for such a granting. For another,a kind of enlightenment. When going through the Marxist philosophy yesterday, I was confused by the statement "negate the negation." Poor in philosophical thinking, I turned to a friend majoring in law. She didn＇t quite understand it either, but she had been taught that criminal sanction was negating the negation of crime. Just as a sparkle, this simple remark burned away all the chaos in my head and made clear the definition. A miracle,isn＇t it?

Second, various friends lead you to different inspiration,and allow you to experience different fun. One day, unusually, I skipped my lunch and just took an apple to console my stomach.My classmate, the future journalist, shouted out, "What a piece of news! You are also dieting?" Then the future advertising expert said, "How creative! How did you get such an idea?" In fact, the most creative award should go to the girl who majors in Chinese language, "With the fragrance winding about your fingers, I can see that an apple just kissed your lips."

The third point may not be widely applicable.In fact, to make a variety of friends is an requirement of my major, journalism. My honorable professor stated this straightforward, "Journalists live on news resources. The most convenient resource is your friends. So I strongly suggest that those who don＇t want to starve to death learn some psychology, practice your communication skills and make friends with people in as many fields as possible !"

This may sound too radical but I still think a diversity of friends are more favorable, bringing you help, fun and experiences and keeping you free from the dull monologue of people of similar characters. Just as various kinds of nutriments keep you healthy, various kinds of friends keep you lively.

Many people believe that a test of spoken English is necessary for students, but others don't agree. Some students might think they will not need to speak English in the future. I don't agree with these students, having a test of spoken English is necessary. The reasons are as follows.

Firstly, most students might go abroad if they have a chance. Therefore, only speaking English very well can they communicate with foreigners. Secondly, it is common that a person is good at written English but spoken English is bad. They will often practise spoken English if they have some tests about it. Thirdly, you need to communicate with foreign customers when you enter a big company in the future.

As far as I am concerned, it is important for us to have a test of spoken English. It can help us to improve our English.

Behind every great achievement in anyone's life lies perseverance. We see this in every humanendeavour. Outstanding sportsmen spendall their time practising. Theirendurance is beyond imagination. The same is true of businessmen who build up fortunes. What we usually see are their achievements, but once we go behind the scenes we will find that they have put in a lot of continual steady efforts. We all have read of great musicians, writers and inventors who have created or discovered breakthroughs in human achievement. Invariably they have said that they owe all their success to perseverance. As to college students, quite a big number of then, have become successful language learners through perseverance, however, a certain group of then, just stop half way and their previous efforts turn out to be fruitless.

Of all the countless examples the saga of Colonel Saunders is perhaps one of the most outstanding. The 65-year-old manfromKentucky had a dream to start a chain of fried chicken restaurants all over the world. To realize his dream, he knew that he needed a restaurant owner to go into partnership with him to open the first restaurant and to fry chicken according to the secret recipe he had. Colonel Saunders had knocked on 1008 doors before he finally found his partner. It is doubtful whether many of us would have had the perseverance to knock even a hundred doors.

From the above discussion we can draw a conclusion that success comes to anyone who keeps working perseveringly and lack of perseverance can only result in frustration and failure.

Our world would be a lot better today if the world powers devoted half as much money and effort squandered in space programs to the most needed places. The space race is a huge waste of money.

As the most curious being in the world, man is always keen on exploration. With the earth having been fully explored, the next logical target for man is definitely the space.

Several countries now are engaged in the space exploration, which is fun, and which fires our imagination. Of course, they are not doing it just for fun, but also for seeking answers to the following provocative questions: How was a planet formed? What is the essence of life? Are there any extraterrestrial beings as intelligent as or even more intelligent than humankind elsewhere in the universe? If this is the case, can we set up communication with them? Can man find a better planet to live on? If so, is mass-emigration from the overpopulated earth to such a planet possible? For only scores of years as space projects have been proceeding, we have already achieved quite a few encouraging results, and have benefited a lot from such programs-crystals, drugs or chemicals produced under zero gravity, satellite communications, manned space vehicles and stations, to name just a few.

Yet, some less curious and less ambitious people perceive such endeavour in a less positive way. They call space exploration as space race , deeming it to be an extension of the race for power on earth and a pure waste of money. I don t want to comment on such a short-sighted argument, but at least no one should impose restrictions on man s desire for knowledge. If space research helps us gain better understanding of the working mechanism of the universe, of our earth and of our origins, there is no sound reason why anyone should go against it.

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英语简历格式02-12

英语简历的格式02-12　　英文论文标准格式范文(通用九篇)5英文论文标准格式范文(篇一)Dearsir,Iamaboyfromclass1,Grade2.I'dlovetobeamemberoftheHelpingHandsclubs.Iamhealthy.Iworkhardatmylessons.Ilikehelpingothers.Igetonwellwithmyclassmatesandoftenhelpthemwiththeirlessons.Onmywayhome,Ioftenhelpoldpeoplecrossthestreet.Onbuses,Ialwaysgivemyseatstowomenwithbabies.Sometimes,Ipickuprubbishinthepark.IfIjointheclub,Iwillmakemorefriends.I'llbegladifI'mreceived,Iamwaitingforyourreply.Yoursxxx英文论文标准格式范文(篇二)一、封面各项内容：四号宋体居中。二、目录目录：二号黑体加粗居中。章节条目：五号宋体。行距：单倍行距。三、论文题目：小一号黑体加粗居中。四、中文摘要1、摘要：小二号黑体加粗居中。2、摘要内容字体：小四号宋体。3、字数：300字左右。4、行距：20磅53-5五、英文摘要1、ABSTRACT：小二号TimesNewRoman.2、内容字体：小四号TimesNewRoman.3、单倍行距。4、Keywords：3-5TimesNewRoman.格。500：20七、正文(一)论文的正文用小四号宋体(二)论文的安保、管理类毕业论文各章节按照一、二、三、四、五级标题序号字体格式章：标题小二号黑体，加粗，居中。节：标题小三号黑体，加粗，居中。一级标题序号如：一、二、三、标题四号黑体，加粗，顶格。二级标题序号如：(一)论文的(二)论文的(三)论文的标题小四号宋体，不加粗，顶格。三级标题序号如：.标题小四号宋体，不加粗，缩进二个字。四级标题序号如：(1)论文的(2)论文的(3)论文的标题小四号宋体，不加粗，缩进二个字。五级标题序号如：①②③标题小四号宋体，不加粗，缩进二个字。医学、体育类毕业论文各章序号用阿拉伯数字编码，层次格式为：1××××(小2号黑体，居中)论文的××××××××××××××(内容用4号宋体)论文的。××××(3号黑体，居左)论文的×××××××××××××(内容用4号宋体)论文的。××××(小3号黑体，居左)论文的××××××××××××××××××××(内容用4号宋a.××××(容同样大小的宋体)论文的(三)论文的表格每个表格应有自己的表序和表题，表序和表题应写在表格上方正中。表序后空一格书写表题。表格允许下页接续写，表题可省略，表头应重复写，并在右上方写“续表××”。(四)论文的插图每幅图应有图序和图题，图序和图题应放在图位下方居中处。图应在描图纸或在洁白纸上用墨线绘成，也可以用计算机绘图。(五)论文的论文中的图、表、公式、算式等，一律用阿拉伯数字分别依序连编编排序号。序号分章依序编码，其标注形式应便于互相区别，可分别为：图、表、公式()论文的等。文中的阿拉伯数字一律用半角标示。八、结束语300：20九、致谢小二号黑体加粗居中。内容小四号宋体，行距：20磅十、参考文献8—10：20依次列出。(二)论文的参考文献的格式：十一、附录(可略去)论文的小二号黑体加粗居中。英文内容小四号TimesNewRoman.单倍行距。翻译成中文字数不少于500字内容五号宋体，行距：20磅。十二、提示论文用A4纸纵向单面打印。页边距设置：上，下，左，右。英文论文标准格式范文(篇三)3000_1201904022000200020002000200010002000字论。1论文题目要求准确简练醒目新颖2目录目录是论文中主要段落的简表短篇论文不必列目录3提要是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短。60000002000文20002000，002000200024论文是一个汉语词语，拼音是lùnwén，古典文学常见论文一词，谓交谈辞章或交流思想当代，论文常用来指进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章，简称之为论文。英文论文标准格式范文(篇四)摘要：随着时代的不断变化发展，语言受社会和环境等因素的影响会自然而然在原有语言的基础上产生变化。究其前人对语言变异社会因素的研究，主要是从社会地位、性别、年龄、种族、职业等方面来进行研究，通过探讨这些方面的语言变异，尝试对未来语言变化的趋势做出预测。关键词：语言；变化；社会因素。现如今世界上已被查明的语言有五千种之多，它是人类社会形成，得以发展和延续的必要条件，也是日常生活中人们进行思想、文化等方面沟通和传递的重要媒介，是人类生活不可分割的一部分。Thedivinetheory、thebow-wowtheory、thepooh-poohtheory、theding-dongtheory和theyo-he-yotheory等理论都是对语言起源的探索和解释。语言学中普遍接受的对language的定义为：“Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunica-tion”.这一句话就说明了语言的五个特征。首先，语言是一个系统，这个系统是有规则的，且各种元素按照一定的规则排列组合，不能任意结合；其次，语言是具有任意性的。一个词和它所指的内容并无内在的联系；再者，语言在本质上是具有符号性的，一词的意思和真正对应的事物是有关联的，并通过约定俗成传达意思。语言从根本上来说也是有声的，且有声是适用于所有语言的主要媒介，书面表达是在声音系统产生之后才出现。最后一个特点是语言是人类所特有的，不同于其他生命形式下的交流。语言是人们基于对内外部世界的经验以及与他人的交流的反响而产生的，随着历史、社会和文化的变化而变化[1].既然语言是人类思维和交流的重要工具，且具备多样的交际和社会功能，研究其变化的社会因素十分必要。一、影响语言变异的社会因素。随着社会的发展，人们认识事物的能力和范围都将有所提高和扩大。当代社会语言学认为，不但语言发展的最初动因应该从社会的变动中去寻找，而且在它的变化过程中，也还会受到各种社会因素的制约，从而影响到变化的速度、方向和结果[2].语言不仅是文化的重要部分，也是文化的载体。社会因素为语言变异提供了动因，正因为如此，语言在这些社会因素的作用下，发生变化。语言与人们生活息息相关，现实生活中的语言有因为一个民族或者相应社会活动的消失而不复存在的现象，例如现在的满族人已经不会说满族语，这种语言也没有被记录和保存下来。（一）语言变异和社会因素。语言变异。语言作为一种符号系统，由语音、语义和语法等系统组成。语言变异就是指说话者的语言表达系统由于社会因素，心理因素等而产生的语言形式变化。在陈松岑教授的《语言变异研究》的书中也说到，“变异”就是指某个语言项目在实际使用过程中所出现的状况。而“语言项目”则具有多种形式，可以是音、义等语素的结合，也可以是某个语法范畴或语法手段。语言变异的实际存在形式是变素，变异是由许多变素按照互相是否对立的原则归结出来的，一个变异可能包含不只一个变素，研究实际话语中的各种变异，从而说明各种社会因素和语言变异之间的相关关系等理论，这种研究不仅新颖，而且有科学性[3].关于语言变异成因的分类，美国社会语言学家拉波夫认为，语言变异的分类可以有不同的标准，因此他认为语言变异可以从语言变异形成的原因、语言变异在语言系统中出现的范围或层次以及变异在语言社会中的作用来分类[4].其中最后一种分类是为了了解这些变异在社会中的不同作用以及相应的变化。社会因素。社会是一个包罗万象的大熔炉，其构成和发展有着众多的因素。社会因素就是指社会上的各种事物，即与社会有直接关系的因素，它包括社会制度、国家各项法律政策、民族、地域、社会地位、道德规范和风俗习惯等。而语言和社会的关系十分密切，语言的发展和变化都受到社会的影响，语言随着社会的产生而产生，随着社会的发展而发展。虽然语言的发展有它本身的内部发展规律，但语言作为社会现象对社会有依赖性。语言的使用要受到社会的制约，人们用语言进行社会交际时，要遵守社会约定俗成的规范。社会生产的发展、社会制度的变革、人类思维的进步促使语言日益丰富、日益精炼[1].影响语言变异的社会因素大体上是社会地位、年龄、职业、性别和种族等等，这些也可以被分类然后加以研究。（二）影响语言变异的社会因素的具体体现。上述已经说到，影响语言变异的社会因素可以加以分类研究，下面将从政治、人文两个方面重点阐述。政治。然会受其影响。（1）社会阶级和地位。不同社会制度下的社会阶级所使用的语言是不同的。人们由于生活、工作环境以及文化程度、社会地位的不同形成不同的阶层和集团，也就有了各自的语言习惯，形成阶层变体[5].例如古代中国的各种阶级，从官、吏、僧、道、工、农、医、娼、儒到丐，这十个阶层，各个阶层都有相对应的生产活动，使得语言也会产生与其所从事的职业相应的专门术语。这样的阶层的划分使得各个阶层在平常的交流活动中都有了自身的习惯用语。在社会地位上，不管在中国还在是外国，都有权利大小的体现。例如，古代天子皇上最大，不可直呼其名，需要用敬语和敬称代替；古时对妻子的称呼也有“贱内”、“拙荆”等的谦称；而国外古时在问候女皇或者是国王时也是用“MyLord”或者是“MyMajesty”.但由于时代的发展和文明的进步，现代并不采用这样的语言规则。不论是一国的主席还是总统，还是老百姓，都可以畅所欲言直言直语。只是各种职业和地位的人在使用语言时在场合上有所区别。但也有国家的人们在日常交流中还是会保留这样一种地位上的差别，例如在韩国和日本，晚辈对长辈说话时还需要使用敬语。社会阶级和地位的不同，会造成低阶层或者是地位比较低的人模仿上层社会人们所使用的语言。而且一个人的社会地位和身份认同也是以高级阶层和地位人群所使用的语言为衡量标杆的。（2）xxx更替。古时候，xxxxxx化。A地域划分。xxx更替所带来的地域划分对语言变化有着重大的影响。通常一国在划分之后，由于散乱和没有统一的规划，在相对稳定后又会形成各自部落或者地区的语言。不同地区所讲的不同语言又可以成为一地的方言。而在相对统一的稳定的国家里，又会有国家强制的标准语和方言的同时存在。古时国与国之间讲的并不是同一种语言，各国在语言表达和使用上都有所差别。春秋战国一直到汉魏时期流行的“雅言”相当于现在的标准汉语普通话，汉魏时也叫“通语”,再到后来隋唐时期的“官话”和民国时期的“国语”等。但实际上各个时期在允许以上语言存在的同时，民间和其他国所使用的语言并不是单一和唯一的。古时英国使用的也是古时的英语，和现代标准语言也有很大差别。通常采用的都是一种诗体化的语言。而现代，统一后和现代化的中国以北方方言为标准，即以普通话为标准汉语，而同时又存在七种方言。英国国内现在使用的也是英语为主的混合语言，同时存在爱尔兰语，苏格兰语和威尔士语等等。B民族融合和分裂。战争也会促使民族融合和分裂。国家的各项关于民族改革的措施在带给民族部落影响的同时于无形中也对语言的变化产生一定的影响。例如，春秋时的“雅言”语音消失于晋末的五胡乱华，但同时北方人南迁，也把“雅言”的语音带到了南方，因此现在闽南语和粤语中保存了大量“雅言”的语音和使用习惯。之后，不管是南北朝时期的民族融合还是唐中期以后的民族大混合，都是对语言的重新整合，对语言的发展有着不可磨灭的影响。民族的融合，分裂或者是迁徙，逐渐让每个民族都形成了自己的语言。国外，哥伦布发现新大陆，开始了欧洲殖民活动，促进了文明交融和传播，也给大陆上的居民带去了新的语言和变化。人文。人文是人类文化中的核心部分。社会发展的主体是人，不管任何活动和变革都离不开人。人民群众是历史的创造者，人民群众的生产活动是社会存在和发展的基础，人民群众就是推动社会历史发展的决定力量。语言变异的社会因素肯定也离不开人。人们的性别、年龄和种族等等都能反映语言的变异。（1）性别。A歧视色彩。例如，法语中许多表示“…人”的词语，profes-seur（老师）,docteur（医生）,ingénieur（工程师）等在表示女性时都必须在这些词前加上明显表示女性的词语“femme”.英语中也有许多词语，如“chair-man”,“spokesman”等词缀都是以男性结尾的。中文中有些词语在形容淫秽或者表达卑贱之意时大多也是与女性有关，语言变异在性别上除了有这种对女性的歧视色彩之外，还有语调和感情的差别。B语调。女性使用语言时会采取各种不同的语调类型，而且比男性更多使用降升调。女性多使用反义疑问句。在讲英语的国家，女性比男性更注重自己的身份，因此语言更接近超级礼貌的类型，使用脏话的频率相对男性较低。因此，在人类社会中，女性通常会普遍使用更加有礼貌的方式，用各种规范来约束要求自己，说话方式和表现行为更加儒雅。C感情色彩。美国英语中的在性别上女性有如下特征：1）女性使用更具有想象意味的颜色词；女性使用不太强烈的诅咒词语[6];女性使用更夸张的词语；女性使用更多的反意疑问句；女性使用更多的陈述问句；女性的言语行为更加间接，比男性更有礼貌[7].相比之下，女性更喜欢使用带有情感的句子，如oh,mygod!Oh,dear等，也倾向于更多的使用lovely,cute,terribly欠肯定，而且显得不正式。而中文环境下，女性在表达愤怒悲伤等的情绪时，也会使用“哎呀”,“啊”等感叹词，会使用含蓄、简洁的句子“怎么回事啊”,“烦死了”等等，以此来避免粗俗和不雅。（2）年龄。（3）种族。一般情况下，不同种族会使用与其种族身份相匹配的语言[8].种族中能反映语言变异最突出的就是黑人英语。黑人英语的随意性常常在美国给人留下十分负面的印象。其实都是源于大众对于黑人种族的歧视。黑人英语就是一种不标准的英语变异，有其自身的语音、语法和句法特点。黑人英语在发音上常常省略很多音素，力求简洁。比如“love”一词在黑人英语中常常是“luv”,而且说话时常常省略be动词，就有“Youbeautiful”这样类似的语言句子。二、结论。（一）发现。本文通过对语言变异的.社会因素的研究，发现语言变异是在一定的条件和环境下发生的。语言不可能一成不变，要随着社会的发展而产生相应的变化。xxx更替下的地域划分最容易造成语言上的变化，一个新地域的出现，民族的融合和分裂等必然会产生一种新的当地的或者是新民族的语言；而在社会阶层和地位上，由于之前的政治制度和等级制度在人们心中有着严苛的地位分别，人们所使用的语言有明显的地位之分，且各种职业的分工，产生了各个行业中的专门语言。男女的说话方式以及感情色彩存在着差异，女性的语言伴有多种感情色彩，表达很含蓄，而男性则更多地表现出直接和豪放的风格；随着人的不断成长以及阅历和认知水平的提高，语言的变异也会得到充分体现。正常情况下，年长者的语言比孩子的语言更有水平和成熟。种族上，每个种族都有自身的语言规则和使用习惯，不会受其他标准语的影响而有太大的改变。xxx社会活动而发生改变。（）本文只是论述了影响语言变异的一部分社会因素，社会是一个繁杂的环境，还有很多影响语言变异的其他因素，笔者在这里并不能穷尽这些社会因素，加之最新和最前沿参考文献的缺乏，也是本文的局限所在。科技日新月异的飞速发展，势必也会对语言产生深刻的影响。导致语言变异的因素远不止社会这一个层面，在对语言变异的各项影响因素的归类上还有很大的研究空间。【参考文献】王德春。从社会语言学的观点论社会变异和语言变体的关系[J].扬州大学（人文社会科学版）,1982（2）:38.陈松岑。语言变异研究[M].广州：广东教育出版社，1999:23-25.黎运汉。语言变异研究的深人与开拓---读陈松岑语言变异研究[J].研究，2001（1）:24.Labov,M.StudiedinSociolinguisitcs[M].Bei-jing:LanguageandCultureUniversityPress,2001:68.邢欣。语言的社会变体及其分类[J].信阳师范学院学报（版）,2004（1）:72.李英华。论女权运动对英语语言的影响[J].沧州师范专科学校学报，2000（2）:30~32.陈瑜。语言变化的社会因素[J].剑南文苑（经典教苑）,2012（10）119.李展。李道胜。社会因素对语言的影响及社会语言学的应用[J].业高等专科学校学报，2006（4）:80.英文论文标准格式范文(篇五)DearSir,InresponsetoyouradvertisementinthenewspaperofJanuary15,Iwishtoapplyforthepositionof(secretary,accountant,clerk,salesman,etc).Iamtwenty-fiveyearsoldandagraduateofxxxcollege.MyexperienceinthislineofworkincludessixyearsasanassistantaccountantwiththeABCCompany.Thereasonforleavingmypresentemploymentisbecausetheyareclosingtheiroffice.Iamenclosingmyresumetogetherwithmyphoto,andbelievethattheymaybefoundsatisfactory.Withrespecttosalary,IshallexpectHK$5,000amonth.Iassureyouthatifappointed,Iwilldobesttogiveyoursatisfaction.Verytrulyyours,XXX英文论文标准格式范文(篇六)(一)题目、署名及层次格式、文字、字数要求:1A4wordTimesNewRoman,标题字号为三号,字母全部大写;如有副标题,另起一行,首字母大写,正文为小四号字体;文稿应加注页码。2100001)(300001)线下加说明。3、摘要和关键词,写在题目下、正文前。4、论文的层次,统一要求采用:1(占一行或接排。当接排时,标题后要加标点)*(二)文稿和图稿其它要求:1、正确阐述技术内容。名词术语应符合国家有关标准、规范。如所采用的名词术语尚未编定时,可采用各业务部门和科研单位常用的名词术语,不要任意用简称、方言。2、准确使用标点符号,注意:(1)标题、图题、表名后及公式后不用标点;(2)阿拉伯数字的起止(范围)号用“~”,如:“20~30”,“8%~10%”,“0~10oC”3、对正文中的某些问题需加以说明时,可用“呼应注”(也叫脚注),即在所要加注处的.右上角标注“①、②……”,同时在本页末留出位置,划一横线与正文隔开,在横线下注明“①、②……”。4、计量单位采用xxx颁发的《xxx法定计量单位》,一律用拉丁文书写。5、外文字母写成印刷体,同时注意将正斜体、大小写分清楚。6世纪、年代、月、日和时刻均用阿拉伯数字,并一概用全称。712,12,公式⑴、公式⑵。8、照片要求清晰、层次分明,非彩印书尽量用黑白照片。墨线图要大小适当,图线要规整。照片、图稿等电子文件需备份一份随稿件一并提交。9、参考文献的项目要列全,例如:[1]主编.结构力学.北京:出版社,2003[2]主编.城市规划.上海:出版社,2001经典论文标准格式模板如下文1、题目。应能概括整个论文最重要的内容，言简意赅，引人注目，一般不宜超过20个字。2、论文摘要和关键词。论文摘要应阐述学位论文的主要观点。说明本论文的目的、研究方法、成果和结论。尽可能保留原论文的基本信息，突出论文的创造性成果和新见解。而不应是各章节标题的简单罗列。摘要以500字左右为宜。关键词是能反映论文主旨最关键的词句，一般3-5个。3、目录。既是论文的提纲，也是论文组成部分的小标题，应标注相应页码。4、引言(或序言)。内容应包括本研究领域的国内外现状，本论文所要解决的问题及这项研究工作在经济建设、科技进步和社会发展等方面的理论意义与实用价值。5、正文。是毕业论文的主体。6、结论。论文结论要求明确、精炼、完整，应阐明自己的创造性成果或新见解，以及在本领域的意义。8、附录。包括放在正文内过份冗长的公式推导，以备他人阅读方便所需的辅助性数学工具、重复性数据图表、论文使用的符号意义、单位缩写、程序全文及有关说明等。英文论文标准格式范文(篇七)DearSir，InresponsetoyouradvertisementinthenewspaperofJanuary15，Iwishtoapplyforthepositionof(secretary，accountant，clerk，salesman，etc).Iamtwenty-fiveyearsoldandagraduateofxxcollege.MyexperienceinthislineofworkincludessixyearsasanassistantaccountantwiththeABCreasonforleavingmypresentemploymentisbecausetheyareclosingtheiramenclosingmyresumetogetherwithmyphoto，andbelievethattheymaybefoundrespecttosalary，IshallexpectHK$5,000amonth.Iassureyouthatifappointed,Iwilldomybesttogiveyoursatisfaction.Verytrulyyoursxxx英文论文标准格式范文(篇八)一、总则本标准由教务处负责制订、修改与解释，望各相关学院参照执行。（一）适用范围本标准适用于东北财经大学全日制普通本科学生毕业论文（包括毕业设计报告，以下统称毕业论文）照本标准的原则　　英语论文格式范文1

论文字数：论文编号：语种： Chinese地区：中国价格：

关键词：英语论文的引述学者的论述引述格式注明引文作者注明卷号

摘要：正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节;既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 (即英语论文参考文献)的规范性)。

引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。目前美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。现针对文中引述的不同情况,将部分规范格式分述如下。

1.若引文不足三行,则可将引文有机地融合在论文中。如:

The divorce of Arnold's personal desire from his inheritance results in “the familiar picture of Victorian man alone in an alien universe”(Roper9).

这里,圆括弧中的Roper为引文作者的姓(不必注出全名);阿拉伯数字为引文出处的页码(不要写成p.9);作者姓与页码之间需空一格,但不需任何标点符号;句号应置于第二个圆括弧后。

2.被引述的文字如果超过三行,则应将引文与论文文字分开,如下例所示:

Whitman has proved himself an eminent democratic representative and precursor, and his “Democratic Vistas”

is an admirable and characteristic

diatribe. And if one is sorry that in it

Whitman is unable to conceive the

extreme crises of society, one is certain

that no society would be tolerable whoses

citizens could not find refreshment in its

buoyant democratic idealism.(Chase 165)

这里的格式有两点要加以注意。一是引文各行距英语论文的左边第一个字母十个空格,即应从第十一格打起;二是引文不需加引号,末尾的句号应标在最后一个词后。

3.如需在引文中插注,对某些词语加以解释,则要使用方括号(不可用圆括弧)。如:

Dr.Beaman points out that“he [Charles Darw in] has been an important factor in the debate between evolutionary theory and biblical creationism”(9).

值得注意的是,本例中引文作者的姓已出现在引导句中,故圆括弧中只需注明引文出处的页码即可。

4.如果拟引用的文字中有与论文无关的词语需要删除,则需用省略号。如果省略号出现在引文中则用三个点,如出现在引文末,则用四个点,最后一点表示句号,置于第二个圆括弧后(一般说来,应避免在引文开头使用省略号);点与字母之间,或点与点之间都需空一格。如:

Mary Shelley hated tyranny and“looked upon the poor as pathetic victims of the social system and upon the rich and highborn...with undisguised scorn and contempt...(Nitchie 43).

5.若引文出自一部多卷书,除注明作者姓和页码外,还需注明卷号。如:

Professor Chen Jia's A History of English Literature aimed to give Chinese readers“a historical survey of English literature from its earliest beginnings down to the 20thcentury”(Chen,1:i).

圆括弧里的1为卷号,小写罗马数字i为页码,说明引文出自第1卷序言(引言、序言、导言等多使用小写的罗马数字标明页码)。此外,书名 A History of English Literature 下划了线;规范的格式是:书名,包括以成书形式出版的作品名(如《失乐园》)均需划线,或用斜体字;其他作品,如诗歌、散文、短篇小说等的标题则以双引号标出,如“To Autumn”及前面出现的“Democratic Vistas”等。

6.如果英语论文中引用了同一作者的两篇或两篇以上的作品,除注明引文作者及页码外,还要注明作品名。如:

Bacon condemned Platoas“an obstacle to science”(Farrington, Philosophy 35).

Farrington points out that Aristotle's father Nicomachus, a physician, probably trained his son in medicine(Aristotle 15).

这两个例子分别引用了Farrington的两部著作,故在各自的圆括弧中分别注出所引用的书名,以免混淆。两部作品名均为缩写形式(如书名太长,在圆括弧中加以注明时均需使用缩写形式),其全名分别为 Founder of Scientific Philosophy 及 The Philosophy of Francis Baconand Aristotle。

7.评析诗歌常需引用原诗句,其引用格式如下例所示。

When Beowulf dives upwards through the water and reaches the surface,“The surging waves, great tracts of water, / were all cleansed...”(1.1620-21).

英语论文格式范文2

英语教学论文开题报告

一、论文题目：ClassroomInteractionAndOralEnglishTeaching

二、研究现状：对于课堂互动与英语口语教学之间的关系，国内的研究主要集中在：

(1)构建主义模式它是以构建主义理论为基础的互动模式，司洪海在《构建主义理论与英语口语教学》中从对现有教学模式的“反思”入手，探讨将构建主义引入英语课堂教学的必要性、可行性及其意义和作用。卢艳春和路雅琴在《构建主义与大学英语口语课堂教学》中则分别“从构建知识观”“构建学习观”“构建教学观”入手，强调以学生为中心的主动性、构建性。

(2)角色扮演模式徐志敏、王瑛在《大学英语课堂互动教学中角色扮演探究》中着重探讨了在角色扮演的互动教学中教师的作用，对指导教学实践具有重要的意义。而黄玉兰在《角色扮演引入英语专业口语教学中》从角色扮演是“多为互动英语口语教学模式的应用”探讨了角色扮演这一教学方法的目的、步骤和利弊等方面。

(3)以学生为中心模式这一模式被单独研究的较少，黄影秋在《以学生为中心提高英语口语课堂教学效果的探索中》通过对学生口语课堂学习存在的问题的分析，提倡“以学生为中心”，实现教与学的“双边互动”。并提出阐述如何运用其他“教学策略提高口语的教学效果”，促进学生交际能力的提高。而刘蓉在《谈英语口语课堂互动》中则提出了互动可以创造“以学生为中心的口语课堂和整体小组作业模式”，提高口语交际能力。

(4)合作性学习模式这种模式的研究较为普遍和盛行，它兴起于美国，在后来取得实质性的进展的一种教学理论与策略。黄艳在《合作性学习在大学英语课堂的应用》中提出了以下几种合作模式，从而的出该模式的优势所在。顾晓乐在《合作性学习与情景剧表演》中从情剧表演的角度来证明合作性学习的有效性。肖巧玲在《大学英语口语教学中的合作学习》中则通过合作学习在口语教学中的实践探究合作学习应注意的原则。而慕东文在《合作性学习的特点、目标、内容和实践策略》一文中，他用“人文精神和平等民主合作”原则，对待新的理念，指导英语口语教学。

(5)情景设置模式它主要是根据GillianBrown&GeorgeYuled的语言情景对第二语言习得者的交际紧张、焦虑的研究表明口语情景设置不适当，会影响学生用目标语进行交流，进而强调进行口语教学情景设置的重要性。张舍茹、孙边旗在《英语口语教学的情景设置>>中就论述我们应注意“情景互动教学中应遵循的原则”，及如何设置“英语口语教学中情景设置的形式”两个小方面局部性的探讨了情景设置这种互动模式。孙久荣在《论英语口语课的情景教学》中对情景设置这个模式从宏观上进行了分类，进而得出“开放式情景”和“封闭式情景”，为情景设置互动模式研究开辟了一个小领域。

三、研究的目的及意义：通过对目前已经发展起来并比较成熟的几种互动模式的归纳来看：关于人际互动这种互动模式在目前的互动性研究中被单独研究还比较少，没有被当作一种独立的模式应用到英语口语课堂教学中，它更多的是被贯穿到其他几种互动模式当中。因此，本论题认为它还有进一步研究的空间。

英语论文格式范文3

4) 讨论部分

总的要求：The author should tell the reader what the results mean by placing them in the context of previous published studies of the problem,即：与先有研究相比，本研究有何意义。

具体要求：

A． 简要说明研究背景（background）

B． 简要介绍总的发现（general findings）；

C． 介绍具体要点（introduction of points）

D． 与现有发现（若有）进行比较（comparison in the context of other studies）

E． 意义（suggested meaning）

F． 结论（conclusion）

G． 前瞻研究（future studies）

结论往往是论文中最长也是最难写的部分，主要原因是作者要对研究结果和发现进行分析、推断、演绎和推理，要求作者具有很强逻辑思维能力和英语文字组织能力。此外，这部分时态比较复杂，要分清实验过程和结果（过去时）与分析意见（确定：现在时；不确定或假设：过去时）的区别；他人研究结果（过去时或现在完成时）与本研究结果（过去时）的区别；普遍适用的结论（现在时）与只适用本研究的结论（过去时）的其别等。因此，对于however, may, might, could, would, possibly, probably, be likely to 等词（组）的使用以及we believe (think / consider) that, to our knowledge, in our experience (practice) 等插入语的使用就显得格外重要。

Parenteral nutrition is being used with increasing frequency as a primary source of caloric support inand pediatric patients with gastrointestinal problems. Numerous complications have been associated with the administration of TPN, including a significantly increased ncidence of gallbladder disease [3-5,7]. The data here suggest that cholecyste

ctomy is often required for the management of symptomatic gallbladder disease in this group of patients, and is associated with significant risks.[说明研究背景，包括意义] Of the 35 patients who required cholecystectomy for TPN-induced gallbladder disease, operative morbidity and mortality were 54 percent and 11 percent, respectively. Maingot [8] has stated that cholecystectomy “is one of the simplest and safest of the abdominal operations, and is ass

ociated with a low operative mortality rate (about 0.5 percent). A review of the pediatric literature suggests that when cholecystectomy is performed in children, the operative morbidity is less than 10 percent, and the mortality is less than 1 percent. [8,9] Glenn [11] has reported a mortality rate of less than 0.1 percent in over 5,000 patients under

the age of 50 years who underwent cholecystectomy. The morbidity and mortality observed in our group of receiving long-term TPN, therefore, were far in excess of what would be expected for a population of patients whose mean age was 29 years.

[提出本研究主要发现并将其与其他研究发现相比较]

Our data suggest that are specific factors unique to patients who require long-term TPN that contribute to the increased mortality and morbidity associated with cholecystectomy in this select group.[以下，作者用较大篇幅分析了这类病人死亡率和并发症增高的临床、实验室和手术等方面的原因，原文从略]

Based on the results of our studies, we believe that early cholecystectomy is indicated in patients with TPN-induced gallbladder disease. Obviously, all patients with symptomatic disease should undergo cholecystectomy unless there specific medical contraindications. These operations should be performed in a timely, elective fashion because delay may result in the need for urgent surgery and thereby, increase an already high risk. Although recent studies have suggested that cholecystectoy may not be warranted in otherwise healthy patients with asymptomatic gallbladder disease [20], we believe that this axiom does not apply to patie

nts with TPN-induced gallbladder disease. Out data suggest that the natural history of gallbladder disease in patients receiving TPN is considerably different from that of their counterparts not receiving TPN. Based on our findings, we recommend elective cholecystectomy in patients receiving TPN when gallstones first appear. Furthermore, cholecystectomy should be considered, especially in children without stones who are un

dergoing laparotomy for other reasons. [从对结果的分析及与其他研究的比较得出结论性意见，这是讨论部分最重要的内容 ] Whether TPN-induced gallstones can be prevented through daily stimulated gallbladder emptying awaits the results of further studies. [前瞻研究]

5） 致谢部分

总的要求：Always get approval of your intention to mention someone in the acknowledgement and approval of the form in which you will present the acknowledgement, 即：致谢词和致谢方式必须征得受谢人或单位的同意。

6) 参考文献

总的要求：Reference styles should be specific to each journal, 既：根据各杂志的具体要求，因为各杂志对参考文献部分的编排顺序和格式不尽统一。

现将URMSBJ要求的20多种参考文献中最常见的5种格式列举如下：

1） Vega KJ, Pina I, Krevsky B. Heart transplantation is associated with an increased risk for pancreatobiliary disease. Ann Intern Med 1996 Jun 1; 124(11): 980-3. [标准杂志文章]

2） The Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand. Clinical excise stress testing:Safety and performance guidelines. Med J Aust 1996; 164: 282-4. [作者是个组织]

3） Cancer in South Africa [editorial]. S Afr Med J 1984; 84: 15. [无作者名]

4） Shen HM, Zhang QF. Risk assessment of nickel cardiogenicity and occupational lung cancer. Environ Health Perspect 1994; 102 Suppl 1: 275-82. [某杂志增刊]

5） Browell DA, Lennard TW. Immunologic status of the cancer patient and the effects of blood transfusion on antitumor responses. Curr Opin Gen Surg 1993; 325-33 [无期无卷]

7) 插图说明

总的要求：Type or point out legends for illustrations using double spacing, starting on a separate page, 既：插图说明要另页双行打印。当插图中有箭头（arrow）、符号（symbol）、数字（number）或字母（letter）时，要在这部分（不是在插图页上）对其方向、位置等作出非常明确的说明。

8）插图

总的要求：Design your figures for the appropriate reduction, 即：插图要按杂志的版面大小比例进行压缩；不要把插图拍成照片。

9）表格

总的要求：A table should be a totally self-contained unit of information, 即：表格要作为一个独立的信息单位另页打印。表格要简明清楚，完整（标题、内容和脚注），即使只有一张表格也要标Table 1。

英语论文格式范文4

编写要求

页脚:从论文主体部分(引言或绪论)开始,用阿拉伯数字连续编页,页码编写方法为:第x页共x页,居中,打印字号为小5号宋体。

前置部分从内容摘要起单独编页。

编写格式

前置部分:

目次页(必要时)

主体部分:

引言(或绪论)

致谢(必要时) 附录(必要时)

前置部分

具体内容依次列示如下内容:

中央广播电视大学 人才培养模式改革和开放教育试点

论文题名:(2号黑体,居中)

学生姓名:( 3号黑体)

学 号:( 3号黑体)

指导教师:( 3号黑体)

专业:( 3号黑体)

年 级:( 3号黑体)

学 校:( 3号黑体)

摘要:摘要是论文内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述,应以第3人称陈述。它应具有独立性和自含性,即不阅读论文的全文,就能获得必要的信息。摘要的内容应包含与论文同等量的主要信息,供读者确定有无必要阅读全文,也供文摘等2次文献采用。

摘要1般应说明研究工作目的、实验研究方法、结果和最终结论等,而重点是结果和结论。摘要中1般不用图、表、公式等,不用非公知公用的符号、术语和非法定的计量单位。

英语论文格式范文5

一、英美文学评论概述

英美文学评论的理论基础是建立在英美文学的形式和作品中,通过研究英美文学的特点或者英美文学中存在的特殊事物及其发展规律来鉴定英美文学,从而得出英美文学差异的具体表现。英美文学评论的形式具有多元化特点,根据英美文学作品的语言特色和文化差异可以将文学评论的形式划分为以下三种:小说评论、诗歌评论、戏剧评论。在英美文学评论体系中,对英美文学作品进行一个全面性、多角度、多层次、全方位的品读与鉴赏是英美文学评论的最终目的。比如在评论英国着名文学家简·奥斯汀的《傲慢与偏见》和美国着名文学家海明威的《老人与海》这两部文学作品时,评论家们就需要对这两部文学从作者写作背景、思想内容、文学表现风格和形式等方面对文学进行理解与鉴赏,为文学爱好者提供一个专业性的评论方案,从而为提升其鉴赏水平提供理论基础。

相较于一般文学作品而言,英美文学评论的层次更加鲜明。文学评论家们对英美文学作品全方位、多层次地深入分析是英美文学评论的基础,也是英美文学综合评论体系的主要内容之一。评论家们要想完整、全面地理解文学作品所表达的含义,就需要对作品从背景、时间、题材、创作风格等方面做出深刻的文学评论。由此可见,英美文学评论与一般文学评论之间的最大差距是英美文学评论具有鲜明的文学色彩、艺术表现特点。因此,文学评论家们要将评论的着重点放在英美文学作品本身具有的属性上,全面综合评价文学作品。

二、评论视角选取策略

1、时效性策略

时效性是文学评价家评论视角选取策略考虑的首要策略,其原因是英美文学作品具有极大的现实意义,对后世文学研究具有极大的参考价值。因此,评论家要想达到英美文学评论可以启发文学创作思维的目的就需要把握时效性策略和英美文学作品的特点,为英美文学的发展提供保障。时效性策略研究是以英美文学作品的创作背景、创作风格、作品特征、艺术表现形式等方面作为研究内容,以文学作品自身艺术属性和作品特色作为时效性策略的研究重点,以推动英美文学的发展作为研究目的。因此,重视英美文学评论的时效性是推动英美文学评论得以快速有效发展的关键因素,也是发挥英美文学评论加快精神文明建设脚步的重要策略之一。

2、差异化策略

文学表现形式和文学作品体裁的多样性赋予了文学作品文学样式的多元化特征,因此不同的文学作品具有不同的属性,这也是区分文学作品差异的主要方式。针对文学评论体系中的文学作品差异认识,评论家需要正确把握差异性策略在文学评论体系中的应用原理,把提升英美文学评论质量作为差异性策略研究的主要目的,以提高英美文学评论水平、提升英美文学评论的整体效果、帮助文学阅读者正确理解文学内涵作为差异性策略研究的方向。由此可见,评价家要以差异性策略研究的方向作为提升英美文学评论的重要手段,从全新的角度把握差异性策略,从而为英美文学评论体系提供理论基础。

三、英美文化差异对英美文学的影响

1、语言差异对英美文学评论的影响

作为一个民族的根基之一的语言,在文化体系中占据着重要的地位。首先,英语是英美文学作品创作的工具,也是传达文学内容和表现形式的主要方式。英美文学作品与一般的文学作品在语言表现形式、抽象概念表达方面极具鲜明的主观色彩和浓厚想象力。英美文学评论家就需要利用英语传达出文学作品的精髓,为文学阅读者们提供简洁、华丽、通俗或者高雅的评论与见解,帮助文学爱好者们更加深入地了解文学内容。由此可见,作为语言体系的主要组成部分之一的英语,在语言表达方面具有极强的语言表现了和文体风格。

英语与汉语一样,在表达文学思想内涵方面会受到一个国家的地理环境、宗教文化、文化历史等方面的因素影响,导致英语在英国和美国的发音、表达方式等方面具有差异性,从而形成了“美式英语”和“英式英语”。造成美式英语和英式英语之间的差异元素有很多,主要包含谚语、典故、俗语等。谚语、典故、宗教的不同,一方面造成英语的语法结构不同,另一方面使英语表达的含义存在一定的差异,导致其他国家理解别国的文学作品含义上存在一定的难度。英语是英国的母语,国家在传承与发扬英语文化的过程中会根据英语文化的“正宗”结构和表达形式来表达文学作品。虽然正宗的英语表达形式会给文学评论家和文学阅读者们带来方便,但是也会造成英国文学作品没有美国文学作品的随意洒脱。其原因是作家在表达语言时严格遵循英式英语的正规表达结构,使作品带有浓厚的“庄严”色彩。

相较于英式英语而言,美式英语在表达结构方面注入了新鲜的血液,没有完全遵循英式英语的传统文化,在美式英语结构改革方面加入了创新元素,使美式英语充满“叛逆性”和“革新性”。另外,美式英语的历史背景没有英式英语那么浓厚,人们在传承语言文化时没有背负沉重的思想包袱,因此作家在文学作品语言表达方面更加开放、随意,带有鲜明的个人主观色彩。美国文学评论的特色是自由、创新,与英国文学评论相比,美国文学评论不仅可以激发文学家们的创作热情,还可以促进美国文学领域的快速发展。

2、文化内涵差异对英美文学评论的作用

相较于美国文学评论而言,英国文学评论家们在继承英语传统文化与坚持自由开放、创新的评论体系之间挣扎。英国文学评论创作手法在17世纪与18世纪之间发生了明显的变化,从遵循浓厚的宗教色彩向创新的创作表现方向发展,从思考历史文化向思考人性力量方向发展。创作手法在英国文学评论体系中的不断变化表明文学家和评论家在以一种创新发展的相关思考文化差异对文学的作用,以传统文化内涵作为依托,将传统文化理念结合后现代文学主义、女权主义、后殖民主义思想向独立、个性、自由的文学方向发展。作为英国文学思想的主要组成部分之一的解构主义,在美国后现代主义文学思想体系中具有引导作用。文学是文学评论产生的理论基础,英美文学评论体系的不断发展与英美文学研究结构体系息息相关。在文学价值方面,英国文学评论和美国文学评论具有相同的文学价值:构建一个独立自由、共性与个性并存、富有独特魅力的文学评论价值体系。

英语论文格式范文6

英美文学评论是运用文学理论研究英美文学着作,对其特点和发展规律进行研究,对文章展现的主题思想、表现形式、写作风格进行评析,从而为以后的英美文学创作提供蓝本和依据并且提高文学爱好者的文学欣赏水平。英美两国的文学评论家在不同的历史背景和文化差异中会对文学评论产生不同的表现,英美文化差异对英美文学评论的影响力是不言而喻的。

一、英美文学发展史与特点

英国文学的发展历史悠久,经历了文艺复兴、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义、写实主义、实验主义等阶段,每一个发展阶段都有其特点和艺术价值。不同时期涌现了创作风格不同的着名的大作家,如莎士比亚、萧伯纳、拜伦等。英国文学做早的时候多以诗歌形式展现,以后逐渐发展成小说、散文等多样化的形式,慢慢的英国文学逐渐发展出一种浪漫理性的风格。英国文学作品在其漫长的发展过程中,已经逐渐成为世界文化艺术这座大山中屹立不倒的一座傲人的山峰。

美国文学史主要经历了浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义这三个时期,各个时期分别产生了大量的优秀作家,主要有马克吐温、狄金森、爱默生、惠特曼、海明威、庞德等人。美国文学因早期沦为英国殖民地的原因,曾深受英国文学的影响并一直致力于模仿英国文学,但是随着美国文学的不断发展何美国独自自主意识的增强,美国文学逐渐形成了自己的风格并开始脱离于英国文学。美国经济实力不断壮大,独立意识被激发,再加上大批优秀文学家和作品的出现,让美国文学逐渐成为了一个独立的文学分支并开始向多元化的趋势发展,独立革命是美国民族文学诞生的背景。

二、英式与美式英语差异对英美文学评论产生的影响

语言是民族文化发展的重要载体,语言是民族文化的基石,在文学作品的创作中,思想是文学作品的心脏,语言是文学作品的躯干。语言这一载体能够把民族文化的差异性展现的淋漓尽致。英美文学作品的语言都是英语,英语能够在英美文学作品中以艺术性和象征性表达出作品中的主题思想,是一种极富有表现力的语言。但是由于历史、地域等原因,英美两国的英语在某些方面略有不同,这些不同所具有的内在意义是除其自身外的其他国家都无法真正理解的。在英美文学作品中,其创作所用的语言是作者精心的提炼、汇聚而成的,英式与美式语言的差异无疑对英美文学评论产生巨大影响。通过分析文学评论家在进行文学作品评论时所使用语言特点、风格的差异,可以看出文化差异对英美文学评论的影响。

英式英语有着悠久的文化历史,可以说它击沉了传统英国文化的遗产,是英语正宗。一直以来英式英语在文学评论中呈现出一种中规中矩的状态,很多评论家在进行文学评论时显得小心翼翼。究其原因,可能是顾忌其英语正宗的地位和对传统语言神圣性的膜拜,害怕过于锋利和大胆会亵渎了英式英语的传统地位。

众所周知美式英语是从英国语言中衍生而来的,但是由于美国这个新生国家本身文化、制度、思想等的全新性,虽然语言的核心没有改变但是美式英语充满了创新和不同。与英国语言不同,美国在历史、文化和政治等方面没有沉重的历史包袱,,也处处充满了创新精神。1930年以后,美国文坛呈现出一片百家争鸣的景象,诺贝尔文学奖获得者大有人才。相比英国文学评论的保守而言,美国的文学评论则更为自由、大胆、创新。美国文学评论的这种特点无形中激发了作家的激情,促进了整个文坛思想的开化与前进,为美国文学在世界文学史中后来后来居上打下了基础。

三、文化内涵差异对英美文学评论的影响

英国的文学评论可以说是挣扎在接受传统文化影响和挣脱传统文化影响之间。十七世纪到十八世纪英国文学评论从具有宗教主义到逐渐荒诞的创作手法,都体现了该阶段英国文学评论家们在传统与挣脱传统之间的挣扎和徘徊。莎士比亚的经典代表作《哈姆雷特》似乎就无形中展现了这一时期英国文学评论的性格特点,文中的主角哈姆雷特苦苦的挣扎在复仇的道路上,对于生存还是死亡这个问题很好的展现出哈姆雷特那犹豫不决、优柔寡断的性格。到了二十世纪以后,英国的文学评论家对于自身及其文学评论历史进行了深刻的思考,这种走出现状的全新的审视与反思使英国文学评论界发生了翻天覆地的变化。英国文学评论的发展是朝着后现代主义、女权主义、后殖民主义的方向前进的。

文学评论是建立在文学基础上的,对于美国文学评论的研究也要建立在对美国文学深入研究的基础上。美国受其殖民地历史因素影响,其文学受到欧洲大陆文学的极大的影响。但是美国文学仍有其特性,不然也不会逐渐发展成独特的一支。美国文学评论也是特立独行的完整个体,其虽携带英国文学的基因,却结出了全新的果实。

四、文化历史差异对英美文学评论的影响

英国文学的历史文化传统特色是相对于禁欲主义和神权主义而言的人本主义。英国文学评论中的人本主义比较保守,究其原因与英国资产阶级自身在文化历史中的软弱性和妥协性是分不开的。大文豪莎士比亚在说到自己的文学作品时认为其更多的是在多人本主义进行一种宣传,人本主义是要实现人类的和谐、自由、与爱,消除了人和人之间的阶级束缚。莎士比亚的人本主义观点的作品的评论可以说是英国文学评论中的典型,对英国后续文学评论产生了广泛的影响。随着社会的发展,这一观点逐渐受到不少人的质疑。人们认为社会要快速发展是离不开革命的催化作用的,创新是完善社会的必要条件,人本主义观随着社会发展已经显得太过于保守,而保守的人本主义观只有在某些特殊时刻才会发挥其作用。

同样是对于人本主义观点,美国文学评论就显得比较激进。前文提到过,美国的文化历史不像英国那样有太多的顾虑和沉重的包袱。美国历史上的独立战争所形成的的自由民主的社会氛围同时也渲染了文化氛围,美国文学评论的发展可以呈现出一种轻轻松松的状态。

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